La construcción del sistema de partidos brasileño. Formación de nuevos partidos y estrategias políticas
Authors
-
Décio Vieira da Rocha
Fundação Getúlio Vargas
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2889-7377
-
Paula Cruz Pimentel
BRICS Policy Center: Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR. Researcher
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3227-0104
Abstract
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar el fenómeno de la formación y éxito de nuevos partidos en el período de redemocratización y retorno del multipartidismo brasileño (1979-2018). Aunque el fenómeno es recurrente en Brasil, pocos estudios han analizado el tema de forma más directa en este país. ¿Cuáles son los determinantes de la formación continua de nuevos partidos? Nuestras hipótesis son que la permisividad del sistema electoral pierde efecto cuando los actores se adaptan a él y que factores endógenos a la competencia política aumentan la probabilidad de que surjan nuevos partidos. Utilizamos metodologías previas y conceptualizamos a los partidos nuevos como aquellos que son organizativamente nuevos (obtienen un nuevo registro) y ganan al menos un escaño en la Cámara de Diputados. Dividimos a los partidos en partidos de contestación o de coaptación para evaluar el impacto de las variables institucionales y económicas sobre ellos. Nuestros resultados indican que los partidos que están totalmente "fuera del sistema" (los partidos de contestación) tienen más dificultades para ser competitivos, lo que demuestra que el fenómeno de la aparición de nuevas siglas está más vinculado a una reorganización estratégica de las élites que a una demanda de los votantes.
Keywords:
Nuevos partidos, Organización de partidos, Comportamiento político, Partido y sistema electoral, Estrategias de los partidosReferences
Bolleyer, N., & Bytzek, E. (2013). Origins of party formation and new party success in advanced democracies. European Journal of Political Research, 52(6), 773–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12013 .
Bolleyer, N., van Spanje, J., & Wilson, A. (2012). New Parties in Government: Party Organisation and the Costs of Public Office. West European Politics, 35(5), 971– 998. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.706407 .
Bosch, A., & Durán, I. M. (2017). How does economic crisis impel emerging parties on the road to elections? The case of the Spanish Podemos and Ciudadanos. Party Politics, 25(2), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817710223 .
Chiaramonte, A., & Emanuele, V. (2022). The Deinstitutionalization of Western European Party Systems. Springer Nature.
Chiru, M., Popescu, M., & Székely, I. G. (2020). Political opportunity structures and the parliamentary entry of splinter, merger, and genuinely new parties. Politics, 41(3), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395720943432 .
Cox, G. W. (2002). Making votes count: strategic coordination in the world’s electoral systems. Cambridge University Press.
Dunphy, R., & Bale, T. (2011). The radical left in coalition government: Towards a comparative measurement of success and failure. Party Politics, 17(4), 488–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811400524 .
Emanuele, V., & Chiaramonte, A. (2016). A growing impact of new parties: Myth or reality? Party system innovation in Western Europe after 1945. Party Politics, 24(5), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068816678887 .
Harmel, R., & Robertson, J. D. (1985). Formation and Success of New Parties: A cross national analysis. International Political Science Review, 6(4), 501–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251218500600408 .
Hauss, C. & Rayside, D. (1978). The development of new parties in Western democracies since 1945. In: L.S. Maisel & J. Cooper (eds), Political Parties: Development and Decay (pp. 31–57). Sage.
Heinisch, R. (2003). Success in opposition – failure in government: explaining the performance of right-wing populist parties in public office. West European Politics, 26(3), 91-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380312331280608
Hindmoor, A. (2008). Policy innovation and the dynamics of party competition: A Schumpeterian account of British electoral politics, 1950–2005. British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 10(3): 492–508.
Hug, S. (2001). Altering Party Systems: Strategic Behavior and the Emergence of New Political Parties in Western Democracies. The University of Michigan Press.
Keck, M. (1991). PT, A Lógica da Diferença: o Partido dos Trabalhadores na construção da democracia brasileira. São Paulo, Ática.
Kestler, T., Lucca, J.B., Krause, S. (2016). “Break-In Parties” and Changing Patterns of Democracy in Latin America. Brazilian Political Science Review, 10(1). https://www.scielo.br/j/bpsr/a/s4PXTr333JLfSrn3MmrJjxC/abstract/?lang=en#
Kinzo, M. D. G. (1988). Oposição e Autoritarismo: Gênese e Trajetória do MDB. São Paulo, Vozes.
Kinzo, M. D. G. (1988). Radiografia do quadro partidário brasileiro. São Paulo: Fundação Konrad Adenauer.
Krause, S., Schaeffer, B.M. & Barbosa, T.A.L. (2018). Dinâmicas de surgimento de novos partidos na América do Sul (1979–2015). Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, 27, 73–104. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-335220182703
Krouwel, A. (2012). Party Transformations in European Democracies. New York: State University of New York Press.
Laakso, M., Taagepera, R. (1979). Effective number of parties: A measure with application to West Europe. Comparative political studies, 12(1), 3–27.
Lipset, S.M., Rokkan, S. (1967). Cleavage Structures, Party Systems and Voter Alignments: An Introduction. In S.M. Lipset & S. Rokkan (eds.). Party Systems and Voter Alignments. Cross National Perspectives (pp. 1–64). New York: Free Press.
Maciel, N.R.A. (2014). Velhas Raposas, novos governistas: o PMDB e a democracia brasileira. [Thesis - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro].
Maglia, C. (2020). Novos partidos de direita no Brasil (1990–2018); Ideologia, estrutura institucional e mercado eleitoral. [Thesis - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul].
Mainwaring, S., Gervasoni, C., España-Najera, A. (2017). Extra- and within-system electoral volatility. Party Politics, 23(6): 623–635.
Meneguello, R. (1989). PT: a formação de um partido 1979-1982. São Paulo, Paz e Terra.
Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nascimento, W., Silva Jr, J. A. D., Paranhos, R., Silva, D., & Figueiredo Filho, D. B. (2016). Does Size Matter? Electoral Performance of Small Parties in Brazil. Brazilian Political Science Review, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-38212016000200005
Nobre, M. (2013). Imobilismo em movimento. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
Perissionto, R., Bolognesi, B. (2010). Electoral success and political institutionalization in the Federal Deputy elections in Brazil (1998, 2002 and 2006). Brazilian Political Science Review, 4(1), 10–33.
Plens, H. N. (2020). Ciclos eleitorais e novos partidos políticos: evidências para municípios brasileiros. [Master's Dissertation, Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo]
Poguntke, T. (2002). Green parties in national government: From protest to acquiescence? In F. Müller-Rommel & T. Poguntke (eds). Green parties in national governments. London: Frank Cass.
Rae, D.W. (1967). The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Rocha, D.V. (2021). Organização de novos partidos políticos: entre estratégias de cooptação e contestação. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política.
Roma, C. (2002). A institucionalização do PSDB* entre 1988 e 1999A institucionalização do PSDB entre 1988 e 1999. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 17, 71-92.
Tavits, M. (2006). Party system change: Testing a model of new party entry. Party Politics, 12(1), 99–119.
Tavits, M. (2008). Party systems in the making: The emergence and success of new parties in new democracies. British Journal of Political Science, 38(1), 113–133.
Vieira, S.M. (2012). O partido da social democracia brasileira: trajetória e ideologia. [Thesis - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro].
Twitter